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What is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences? Part 1: Biological Basis

Howard Gardner's theory of multipleGardner, each intelligence has its own
intelligences is based on the premise that"distinct mode of thinking."Gardner's
each individual's intelligence is composed ofresearch with brain-injured adults and with
multiple "intelligences," each of which hasautistic children has indicated that the
its own independent operating system withinhuman brain has separate areas that control
the brain. These intelligences include:separate functions. For example, Gardner
verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical,described a woman who suffered a brain injury
spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical,and lost the ability to speak, yet she
interpersonal, intrapersonal, andmaintained her ability to sing. This example
naturalist.The verbal-linguistic intelligenceshows that the verbal-linguistic intelligence
is the use of both written and spokenfunctions separately from the musical
language for the purpose of communication.intelligence.Gardner makes a distinction
Those possessing the verbal-linguisticbetween the isolation of each intelligence
intelligence are sensitive to the meanings,within the structure of the human brain and
sounds, and rhythms of words. They lovethe isolation of the intelligences when
reading, poetry, tongue twisters, puns,called upon to complete real-world
humor, puzzles, and riddles.Theoperations. Intelligences do not work
logical-mathematical intelligence is the useindependently of one another in a real-world
of abstract relationships presented in termssetting. According to the theory, most tasks
of either numbers or symbols. It alsorequire the simultaneous use of several
includes the use of logic and analysis in theintelligences in order to be completed
sense of logically organizing an essay orsuccessfully. Bruce Torff offers the example
analyzing poetry. Those possessing theof a chess player who must use logic and
logical-mathematical intelligence enjoyspatial skills to plan ahead and figure out
number games, problem solving, pattern games,moves and must also use interpersonal skills
and experimenting. They also do well withto figure out the opponent's defense and plan
writing that involves exposition,of action. The intelligences are separate
argumentation, definition, classification,entities which operate in conjunction with
and analysis.The spatial intelligence is theeach other to create the whole of each
manipulation of objects within a given space,individual's ability.References:Armstrong, T.
whether that space is the size of a piece of(1994). Multiple intelligences: Seven ways to
paper, a room, a building, or a town. Thoseapproach curriculum. Expanded Academic ASAP
possessing the spatial intelligence respond[on-line database]. Original Publication:
to visual cues and they like to invent andEducational Leadership, 52 (3).Blythe, T., &
design.The bodily-kinesthetic intelligence isGardner, H. (1990). A school for all
the ability to use the body effectively tointelligences. Educational Leadership, 47
solve problems. Those possessing the(7), 33-37.Campbell, L., Campbell, B., &
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence enjoyDickinson, D. (1992). Teaching and learning
dramatics, role-playing, dancing, andthrough multiple intelligences. Stanwood, WA:
physical expression.The musical intelligenceNew Horizons for Learning.Checkley, K.
is the ability to make use of the(1997). The first seven ... and the eighth: A
relationship between pitch, rhythm, andconversation with Howard Gardner. Expanded
timbre. Those possessing the musicalAcademic ASAP [on-line database]. Original
intelligence enjoy playing instruments,Publication: Education, 116.Gardner, H.
singing, and drumming, and they like the(1983). Frames of mind: The theory of
sounds of the human voice, environmentalmultiple intelligences. New York: Basic
sounds, and instrumental sounds. It has beenBooks.Gardner, H. (1995a). Multiple
described as hearing patterns.Theintelligences as a catalyst. English Journal,
interpersonal intelligence is the ability to84 (8), 16-18.Gardner, H. (1995b).
understand the thoughts, beliefs, and intentsReflections on multiple intelligences: Myths
of others and the ability to respondand messages. Expanded Academic ASAP [on-line
appropriately. Those possessing thedatabase]. Original Publication: Phi Delta
interpersonal intelligence are social and areKappan, 77 (3).Gardner, H., & Hatch, T.
in tune with the feelings of others. They(1990). Multiple intelligences go to school:
make excellent leaders, can help their peers,Educational implications of the theory of
and work cooperatively with others.Themultiple intelligences (Tech. Rep. No. 4).
intrapersonal intelligence is a sense ofNew York: Center for Technology in Education.
self-awareness used to guide individual(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED
behavior. Those possessing the intrapersonal324 366).Gray, J. H., & Viens, J. T. (1994).
intelligence like to work independently. TheyThe theory of multiple intelligences:
are self-motivated and self-aware.TheUnderstanding cognitive diversity in school.
naturalist intelligence is an understandingExpanded Academic ASAP [on-line database].
of the natural world and the ability to useOriginal Publication: National Forum, 74
that understanding productively. Those(1).Meyer, M. (1997). The GREENing of
possessing the naturalist intelligence canlearning: using the eighth intelligence.
recognize and classify elements from theWilson Select [on-line database]. Original
natural world (e.g. farming or biologicalPublication: Educational Leadership, 55.Moll,
science).The exact combination ofA. (n.d.). Kentucky Department of Education.
intelligences varies from person to person.Multiple intelligences self profile [WWW].
For example, one person might be strong inURL: (Accessed September 29, 1998).Reiff, J.
the verbal-linguistic and interpersonalC. (1996). Bridging home and school through
intelligences with secondary strengths in themultiple intelligences. Expanded Academic
intrapersonal, spatial, and musicalASAP [on-line database]. Original
intelligences and weaknesses in thePublication: Childhood Education, 72
logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, and(3).Smagorinsky, P. (1991). Expressions:
naturalist intelligences. Another personMultiple intelligences in the English class.
could have an entirely different combinationUrbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of
of intelligences. Each person's makeup ofEnglish.Smagorinsky, P. (1995b). Multiple
intelligences is very similar to DNA; no oneintelligences in the English class: An
has exactly the same combination ofoverview. English Journal, 84 (8),
intelligences.Gardner's criteria for19-26.Torff, B. (1996). How are you smart?:
selecting these particular abilities asMultiple intelligences and classroom
intelligences include: independence frompractices. The NAMTA Journal, 21 (2),
other intelligences (within the brain);31-43.Michele R. Acosta is a writer, a former
having a central set ofEnglish teacher, and the mother of three
information-processing operations; having aboys. She spends her time writing and
distinct developmental history; having rootsteaching others to write. Visit for more
in evolutionary history; and having aarticles, for professional writing/editing
cultural basis. When Gardner says thatservices, or TheWritingTutor.biz for other
intelligences are independent, he iswriting and educational resources for young
referring to separate sections of the brainauthors, teachers, and parents.Copyright (c)
that control each intelligence and have2004-2005 The Writing Tutor & Michele R.
distinct methods of processing information.Acosta. All rights reserved.
According to an article by Tina Blythe and



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